IGCSE History Answers for the Inter-war years, the Cold War and the Gulf (1919-2000)

 Questions for the Inter-war years, the Cold War and the Gulf (1919-2000) 👉 https://jasminejabasingh.blogspot.com/2021/03/igcse-history-questions-from-inter-war.html

1) The Inter-War years (1919-1936) was the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War, this period represented an era of significant changes worldwide.

Jan-June 1919	The Paris Peace Conference: Allied Leaders met and drew up the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties.
Jan-20	LON starts work.
1923	Crisis in Germany as France invades the Ruhr and inflation makes money worthless.
1925	The Locarno Treaties: Germany appears to accept the Treaty of Versailles
1926	Germany joined LON
1928	The Kellogg-Briand Pact
1929	The Wall Street Crash
1931-33	The Manchurian Crisis
Jan-33	Hitler becomes leader of Germany and pledges to abolish the Treaty of Versailles
1933	Japan and Germany left the LON
1933-1935	German rearmed
1935-36	The Abyssinian Crisis: Italy invaded Abyssinia
Mar-36	German troops entered the Rhineland
1937	Italy leave LON
Oct-38	Policy of Appeasement ends with Munich agreement giving Czechoslovakia to Germany
1939 Aug	Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact; thye both invaded Poland

 

Enigma: The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military.

Lend-Lease: The Lend-Lease policy was a program under which the United States supplied the United Kingdom, Free France, the Republic of China, and later the Soviet Union and other Allied nations with food, oil, and material

Iron-Curtain: is the the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

2) Although the League of Nations was much of the work of President Woodrow Wilson America never joined the League of Nations. This was for several reasons, firstly America had suffered civilian casualties in the war, and many people in the USA wanted to keep America out of European affairs.

3) The aims of the LON was -to discourage aggression from any country

                                                   -to encourage countries to co-coperate

                                                   -to encourage nations to disarm

                                                    -to improve working and living standards of people all over the world.

4) The League had an assembly which was its parliament, they met once a year and the decisions made should be unanimous- agreed by all members. It had a council which met more often and it included temporary and permanent members.

The LON committees were: The Mandates commission- where they see how people are treated in Mandates, The Refugees commission- to help refugees to settle and find work in new countries, The Slavery commission- to abolish slavery around the world, The Health committee- attempted to deal with problems of dangerous diseases.

5) The response of LON was inevitable, after a long delay no action was taken in the case of Manchuria Crisis whereas in Abyssinian crisis, the League members could not agree effective sanctions. The reason for the failure of the Geneva Disarmament Conference was due to Germany's refusal to be treated differently from the other nations – either they had to disarm to its level or it should be allowed to re-arm to theirs.

6a) The Hoare-Laval Pact offered to partition Abyssinia and thus partially achieve Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's goal of making the independent nation of Abyssinia into an Italian colony.

b) The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris is a 1928 is an international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". The pact was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after.

c) Locarno treaties- signed in Dec. 1, 1925 was series of agreement whereby Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe.

d) The Saar Plebesite was a referendum on territorial status held in the Territory of the Saar  Basin on 13 January 1935.

7) Appeasement policy was the policy of Britain and France letting Hitler have more of his demands Many politicians, were also in favour of this policy however, there were some at the time who were very critical Here are the main arguments for and against.

Fear of Communism- Hit was not the only concern of Britain and its allies. He was not even the man worry They were or concerned about the spread Communism and particularly the dangers to world peace paid by Stalin, the new leader in the USSR. Many saw Hitler as the buffer to the threat of something Communism. The USA- American support had been Britain's success in the First World War Britain could not be sure it could lace up to Germany without the guarantee of American help. But since 1919 the USA had followed a policy of isolationism American leaders were determined not to be dragged into another European war. The Soviet Union- Hitler made no secret of his plans, he openly talked of taking land in Russia. Appeasement sent the message to Stalin and the USSA that Britain and France would not stand in Hitler's way if he invaded Russia. German arms- Germany was rearming publically, and every country could see that year by year. Many felt that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germany. Some of Hitler's demands not unreasonable. Economic problems- Britain and France had large debts and huge unemployment as a result of Depression. They could not afford to a war. Trusting Hitler- After each new move he made Hitler said this was all he wanted Yet he often went back on those promise Appeasement went based on the mistaken idea that Hitler was trustworthy. British arms- The British government were not ready for war against Hitler. Britain only began rearming in 1935 so were some way behind the Germans. Hitler took increasing risks- tried something out to see if there would be any come back. At same point therefore Britain and France needed to stand to Hitler to prevent a later bigger and more dangerous move.

Appeasement allowed Hitler to gain more land, men and resources making him stronger and more difficult to defeat. By not standing up to his actions, appeasement encouraged Hitler to be more and more aggressive. However it was not justified at that time.

8) It was hard for the allies to reach an agreement at Potsdam conference than in was at the Yalta conference because during the Yalta conference four main issues were discussed- decided to divide German into four zones, establish UNO, invite Russia to defeat German and t discuss the issue of Poland because it was under the control of Germany. Whereas in Potsdam conference, same issues were raised but was not agreed because their true intensions came out.

9) The USSR was more responsible than the USA for the outbreak and development of the Cold War in the period from 1945 to 1949.

9.1) Most historians claimed that the Cold War was the direct result of Stalin's aggressive Soviet expansionism.

9.2) Stalin proposed the ideology of communism where every person in the country will be treated equally. Communism has a centrally planned economy; it can quickly mobilize economic resources on a large scale, execute massive projects, and create industrial power.

10) The USSR was more to blame for the start of the cold war.

10.1) The nature of the United States' economy is to blame for increased tensions between East and West following the Second World War.

10.2) The USA who supported capitalism centered on democracy and individual freedoms such as free speeches, political beliefs and freedom to do businesses.